View source for Syntrichia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Syntrichia
|accepted_authority=Bridel
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=J. Bot. (Schrader)
|place=1801(1): 299. 1801 ,
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Pottiaceae;Pottiaceae subfam. Pottioideae;Syntrichia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Pottiaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Pottiaceae subfam. Pottioideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Syntrichia]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek syn, plus, and trichos, hair, alluding to twisted peristome united by a basal membrane
|volume=Volume 27
|mention_page=page 480, 570, 587, 600, 603, 628
|treatment_page=page 618
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Plants </b>small to large tufts, green to yellow- or red-brown. <b>Stems</b> simple or forked, epidermal cells differentiated in 1–3 layers, central strand usually present. <b>Leaves</b> appressed and variously twisted when dry, erect-spreading to squarrose when moist, obovate, spatulate, or lingulate, rarely broadly oblong-lanceolate; margins plane or revolute, usually entire; apices acute to truncate or emarginate, and often apiculate; costa generally strong, percurrent to long-excurrent as a hyaline or colored awn, usually rounded abaxailly, in section showing 1 median layer of large guide cells, 1–3 layers of smaller adaxial cells, a weak or strong abaxial stereid band, and sometimes a group of hydroids, but no abaxial epidermis of larger cells; basal cells abruptly differentiated, large and rectangular, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled, often lax; distal cells quadrate or sometimes slightly longer than wide, small and obscure to large and lax, usually pluripapillose on both surfaces, rarely 1-papillose only on the abaxial surface; marginal cells sometimes differentiated, thicker-walled and colored or pale. <b>Specialized</b> asexual reproduction often present, propagula borne on the lamina or costa, in leaf axils, or on rhizoids, in shape leaflike, spherical, or cylindric. <b>Sexual</b> condition dioicous, autoicous, or synoicous; perigonial bracts often short, ovate or oblong-lingulate, blunt, with costa often ending before the apex, perichaetia terminal, the bracts not differentiated. <b>Seta</b> red or brown, elongate, smooth. <b>Capsule</b> erect, straight or slightly curved, red or brown, cylindric, sometimes with a distinct neck, usually striolate when dry; operculum conic, straight or slightly oblique, shorter than the urn; peristome consisting of 32 filiform, reddish, papillose divisions slightly to strongly twisted together above a pale, tessellated basal membrane 1/6–2/3 the total length of the peristome. <b>Calyptra</b> long-cucullate, acute, yellow or brown. <b>Spores</b> finely to strongly papillose. KOH laminal color reaction brick-red.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;South America;Europe;Asia;Africa;Atlantic Islands;Pacific Islands (Hawaii;New Zealand);Australia;Antarctica.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 80 (17 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p><i>Syntrichia</i> appears to be a monophyletic group, segregated from <i>Tortula</i> by synapomorphic leaf characters, in particular the large basal cells abruptly differentiated from the small distal cells, usually forming an inverted U-shaped group on each side of the costa. Also, the costal cross section of <i>Syntrichia</i> lacks an abaxial epidermis, unlike the case in <i>Tortula</i>. The high basal membrane of the peristome, while responsible for the name of the genus, is not diagnostic for <i>Syntrichia</i> since an equally high basal membrane has evolved in <i>Tortula</i> as well.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=mishler1994a
|text=Mishler, B. D. 1994. Tortula. In: A. J. Sharp et al., eds. The moss flora of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 69: 319–350.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=steere1939c
|text=Steere, W. C. 1939c. Tortula. In: A. J. Grout. 1928–1940. Moss Flora of North America, North of Mexico. 3 vols. in 12 parts. Newfane, Vt. and New York. Vol. 1, pp. 228–246.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Costa percurrent or short-excurrent into a mucro or apiculus
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Costa excurrent as an awn
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Laminal cells collenchymatous (sometimes weakly so; often best observed in the region where the basal and distal cells meet)
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Laminal cells with evenly thickened walls, not collenchymatous
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves strongly bordered by thicker-walled, often colored cells; propagula present, cylindric
|[[Syntrichia amphidiacea|Syntrichia amphidiacea]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves not bordered; propagula absent.
|[[Syntrichia cainii|Syntrichia cainii]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Propagula present, leaflike, papillose, borne on stalks in leaf axils
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Propagula absent or, if present, cylindric, smooth, borne on leaf surface
|[[#key-0-6| > 6]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves 2-stratose.
|[[Syntrichia chisosa|Syntrichia chisosa]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Leaves 1-stratose.
|[[Syntrichia ammonsiana|Syntrichia ammonsiana]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves not fragile; propagula present.
|[[Syntrichia latifolia|Syntrichia latifolia]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Leaves fragile, often broken and appearing eroded; propagula absent.
|[[Syntrichia fragilis|Syntrichia fragilis]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Laminal cells collenchymatous, with single papilla on abaxial surfaces.
|[[Syntrichia papillosa|Syntrichia papillosa]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Laminal cells with evenly thickened walls, not collenchymatous, with multiple papillae on both surfaces
|[[#key-0-8| > 8]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf margins plane or slightly recurved at mid leaf
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Leaf margins strongly revolute at least in proximal part of leaf
|[[#key-0-10| > 10]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants sometimes bearing green, fusiform, axillary propagula; costa smooth abaxially; awn smooth or with a few short teeth.
|[[Syntrichia laevipila|Syntrichia laevipila]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Plants without propagula; costa strongly papillose abaxially; awn serrulate.
|[[Syntrichia bartramii|Syntrichia bartramii]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Leaf 2-stratose or thicker.
|[[Syntrichia caninervis|Syntrichia caninervis]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Leaf 1-stratose
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Costa lacking hydroids but having a row of large-lumined cells abaxial to guide cells; stem lacking a central strand; basal leaf cells 11-23 µm wide; leaves tapered to the apex from their widest point about one-third the way up from the base, without a constriction near mid leaf
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Costa with hydroids; stem with a central strand; basal leaf cells 20-40 µm wide; leaves constricted near mid leaf
|[[#key-0-14| > 14]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Distal cells with tall, bulging mammillae, 11-14 µm high, as high as the thickness of the lamina, sometimes higher, also bear¡ing 1-2 papillae per cell.
|[[Syntrichia papillosissima|Syntrichia papillosissima]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Distal cells with mammillae much lower than thickness of the lamina
|[[#key-0-13| > 13]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf margins plane in the distal 1/4; distal cells 13-18 µm.
|[[Syntrichia norvegica|Syntrichia norvegica]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Leaf margins recurved nearly to the apex; distal cells 8-12 µm.
|[[Syntrichia ruralis|Syntrichia ruralis]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Awns short, to 0.5 mm, smooth or with a few short teeth.
|[[Syntrichia sinensis|Syntrichia sinensis]]
|-id=key-0-14
|14
|Awns long, 0.5-3 mm, serrate
|[[#key-0-15| > 15]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Distal laminal cells 8-12 µm.
|[[Syntrichia montana|Syntrichia montana]]
|-id=key-0-15
|15
|Distal laminal cells 12-23 µm
|[[#key-0-16| > 16]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaf apex truncate, retuse, or emarginate; costa yellowish to brownish, not serrulate near the apex because of projecting cell ends; distal cells 15-23 µm; autoicous
|[[Syntrichia obtusissima|Syntrichia obtusissima]]
|-id=key-0-16
|16
|Leaves acute (or sometimes truncate); costa reddish and serrulate near the apex because of projecting cell ends; distal cells 12-17 µm; synoicous.
|[[Syntrichia princeps|Syntrichia princeps]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Syntrichia
|author=Brent D. Mishler
|authority=Bridel
|rank=genus
|parent rank=subfamily
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Pottiaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;Central America;South America;Europe;Asia;Africa;Atlantic Islands;Pacific Islands (Hawaii;New Zealand);Australia;Antarctica.
|reference=mishler1994a;steere1939c
|publication title=J. Bot. (Schrader)
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/8f726806613d60c220dc4493de13607dd3150896/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V27/V27_901.xml
|subfamily=Pottiaceae subfam. Pottioideae
|genus=Syntrichia
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Pottiaceae subfam. Pottioideae]]