View source for Lipocarpha

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Lipocarpha
|accepted_authority=R. Brown
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in J. H. Tuckey, Narr. Exped. Zaire,
|place=459. 1818
|year=1818
}}
|common_names=Lipocarphe
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Hemicarpha
|authority=Nees
|rank=genus
}}
|hierarchy=Cyperaceae;Lipocarpha
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Cyperaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Lipocarpha]]</div></div>
|etymology=Greek, leipo, to fall, and carpha, chaff, referring to deciduous transparent inner secondary scale of the spikelet in many species
|volume=Volume 23
|mention_page=page 6, 8
|treatment_page=page 195
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Herbs,</b> annual [rarely perennial], usually densely cespitose, not rhizomatous. <b>Culms</b> solitary or not, terete. <b>Leaves</b> basal, proximal bladeless or with involute appendage, distal with distinct blade, glabrous; ligules absent; blades setaceous to involute or flat. <b>Inflorescences</b> terminal, sometimes pseudolateral, ovoid clusters of spikes, spikes 1–4; spikelets [20–]50–150 per spike; involucral bracts 1–4, spreading or erect, leaflike. <b>Spikelets</b>: scales (1–)3, spirally arranged, 1 scale subtending flower, others empty. <b>Flowers</b> bisexual; perianth scales 1–2; stamens 1–2; styles linear, 2–3-fid, base deciduous or persistent, thickened or not. <b>Achenes</b> trigonous or terete.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;pantropical and wet;warm-temperate regions.
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 35 (6 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>The morphology of the inflorescence has received various interpretations. One suggested that the inner transparent scale represents five perianth members that correspond to the bristles subtending the achenes in some species of <i>Scirpus</i> (S. Friedland 1941). Another proposed that <i>Lipocarpha</i> is a highly reduced derivative of a <i>Cyperus</i>-like ancestor (J. Raynal 1967); that view was accepted by G. C. Tucker (1987) and P. Goetghebeur and A. Van den Borre (1989). The shared feature of Kranz anatomy of the “<i>Cyperus</i> type” further strengthens Raynal’s proposal. The achene and subtending scales of <i>Lipocarpha</i> are thus homologous to a single spikelet of <i>Kyllinga</i> or <i>Cyperus</i>. The interpretation of the secondary scales of <i>Lipocarpha</i> (Hemicarpha) as reduced scales of a spikelet (J. Raynal 1967) appears more plausible than the view of the secondary scale as fused perianth members (S. Friedland 1941).</p><!--
--><p><i>Lipocarpha drummondii</i> and <i>L. aristulata</i> have been frequently confused and misidentified as each other or as <i>L. micrantha</i>. Reports of those species, or their synonyms, should be confirmed by examining supporting specimens. <i>Lipocarpha</i> squarrosa (Linnaeus) Goetghebeur, a native of southern Asia, is known as an adventive from the Gulf Coast of Florida; it is not included in the species count. It has subtrigonous achenes and three stigmas, and it would seem to key to <i>L. maculata</i> in the following key; however, it is a smaller plant, at most 20 cm tall, with anthers only 0.15–0.2 mm and achenes 0.4–0.55 mm.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=friedland1941a
|text=Friedland, S. 1941. The American species of Hemicarpha. Amer. J. Bot. 28: 855–861.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=goetghebeur1989a
|text=Goetghebeur, P. and A. Van den Borre. 1989. Studies in Cyperaceae: 8. A revision of Lipocarpha, including Hemicarpha and Rikliella. Wageningen Agric. Univ. Pap. 89(1): 1–87.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=koyama1982a
|text=Koyama, T. 1982. The genus Lipocarpha R. Br., its morphology and systematic position in the family Cyperaceae. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 33: 218–226.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=raynal1967a
|text=Raynal, J. 1967. Notes cypérologiques: 7. Sur quelques Lipocarpha Africains. Adansonia, n.s. 7: 81–87.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=tucker1993b
|text=Tucker, G. C. 1993. Lipocarpha. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London. P. 1144.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spikes 2.5–10(–12) mm; anthers 0.5 mm; stigmas 3.
|[[Lipocarpha maculata|Lipocarpha maculata]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Spikes 1–5(–8) mm; anthers 0.10–0.25 mm; stigmas 2.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Culms 7–35 cm; longest involucral bract spreading to reflexed; achenes 3.5–5 times long as wide; Alabama, Florida.
|[[Lipocarpha microcephala|Lipocarpha microcephala]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Culms 1–10(–20) cm; longest involucral bract ± erect; achenes 1.5–2.5 times long as wide; widespread.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Outer (1st) scale widest proximal to mid length; spike with bristly appearance; Pacific Coast states.
|[[Lipocarpha occidentalis|Lipocarpha occidentalis]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Outer (1st) scale widest at or distal to mid length; spike not bristly; widespread.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Inner (2d) scale 0.1–0.2 mm or absent.
|[[Lipocarpha micrantha|Lipocarpha micrantha]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Outer (1st) scale widest at mid length; 2d scale veinless (or occasionally 2–4 reddish veins).
|[[Lipocarpha aristulata|Lipocarpha aristulata]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Outer (1st) scale widest distal to mid length; 2d scale reddish brown distally.
|[[Lipocarpha drummondii|Lipocarpha drummondii]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Lipocarpha
|author=Gordon C. TuckerTucker;Gordon C.
|authority=R. Brown
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=Hemicarpha
|basionyms=
|family=Cyperaceae
|illustrator=Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;pantropical and wet;warm-temperate regions.
|reference=friedland1941a;goetghebeur1989a;koyama1982a;raynal1967a;tucker1993b
|publication title=in J. H. Tuckey, Narr. Exped. Zaire,
|publication year=1818
|special status=
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V23/V23_341.xml
|genus=Lipocarpha
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Cyperaceae]]