View source for Polystichum californicum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Polystichum californicum
|accepted_authority=(D. C. Eaton) Diels
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.
|place=1(4): 191. 1899
|year=1899
}}
|common_names=California sword fern
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Aspidium californicum
|authority=D. C. Eaton
|rank=species
|publication_title=Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts
|publication_place=6: 555. 1865
}}
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polystichum aculeatum var. californicum
|authority=(D. C. Eaton) Jepson
|rank=variety
}}
|hierarchy=Dryopteridaceae;Polystichum;Polystichum californicum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Dryopteridaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Polystichum]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Polystichum californicum]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 2
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Stems </b>erect or ascending. <b>Leaves</b> monomorphic, arching or erect, 2–8 dm; bulblets absent. <b>Petiole</b> 1/5–1/3 length of leaf; scales light brown, abruptly diminishing in size distally, falling off early distally. <b>Blade</b> lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, base slightly narrowed. <b>Pinnae</b> oblong to lanceolate to falcate, shallowly to deeply divided, pinnae overlapping or not, in 1 plane, 2–10 cm; base oblique, acroscopic auricle lobed; margins not incised to costae, serrulate-spiny with teeth ascending; apex acute-attenuate, subapical and apical teeth same size (southern form) or obtuse and cuspidate with subapical teeth smaller than apical teeth (northern form); microscales filiform, dense abaxially, sparse adaxially. <b>Indusia</b> ciliate. <b>Spores</b> brown. <b>2n</b> = 164.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|habitat=On forest floor in southern part of range and in rock crevices at cliff bottoms (most commonly andesite) to north
|elevation=100–850 m
|distribution=B.C.;Calif.;Oreg.;Wash.
|discussion=<p><i>Polystichum californicum</i> is restricted to the Coast Ranges and the Sierra-Cascade axis. It is most abundant in the Coast Range north of San Francisco.</p><!--
--><p><i>Polystichum californicum</i> is an allopolyploid, the evolutionary roots of which include <i>P. dudleyi</i> as the 2-pinnate ancestor. Morphologic and ecological data indicate <i>P. imbricans</i> is ancestor to the northern forms and <i>P. munitum</i> is ancestor to southern forms, suggesting <i>P. californicum</i> is an amalgam of interfertile tetraploids with polyphyletic origins (D. H. Wagner 1979). Cytological analysis corroborates this (A. D. Callan 1972; W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973), but chloroplast DNA studies have detected only the involvement of <i>P. imbricans</i> in the ancestry of <i>P. californicum</i> (P. S. Soltis et al. 1991).</p><!--
--><p>The more xeric, rock-inhabiting members of the complex (showing the parental influence of <i>P. imbricans</i>) occupy the northern half of the range whereas plants of more mesic habitats are found to the south. Hybrids with both <i>P. dudleyi</i> and <i>P. munitum</i> are found frequently, because these three species are often sympatric (W. H. Wagner 1973). The hybrid with <i>P. dudleyi</i> (a triploid) will key to that species. The hybrid with <i>P. munitum</i> resembles a less-incised form of <i>P. californicum</i> with aborted sporangia. <i>Polystichum californicum</i> × imbricans has been found only once, in Oregon (A. D. Callan 1972). Another hybrid that will key here, based on its overall appearance, is <i>P. munitum</i> × scopulinum. It lacks filiform microscales and also has malformed sporangia. Such a specimen was the basis of the report of <i>Polystichum californicum</i> in eastern Washington (C. L. Hitchcock et al. 1955–1969, vol. 1). The sterile diploid hybrid between <i>P. dudleyi</i> and <i>P. munitum</i> is indistinguishable from <i>P. californicum</i> except for aborted sporangia and chromosome number (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973).</p>
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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Polystichum californicum
|authority=(D. C. Eaton) Diels
|rank=species
|parent rank=genus
|synonyms=Polystichum aculeatum var. californicum
|basionyms=Aspidium californicum
|family=Dryopteridaceae
|habitat=On forest floor in southern part of range and in rock crevices at cliff bottoms (most commonly andesite) to north
|elevation=100–850 m
|distribution=B.C.;Calif.;Oreg.;Wash.
|reference=None
|publication title=in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.
|publication year=1899
|special status=Endemic
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V2/V2_199.xml
|genus=Polystichum
|species=Polystichum californicum
}}<!--

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