View source for Tamarix

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Tamarix
|accepted_authority=Linnaeus
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Sp. Pl.
|place=1: 270. 1753
|year=1753
}}, {{Treatment/Publication
|title=Gen. Pl. ed.
|place=5, 131. 1754
|year=1754
}}
|common_names=Tamarisk
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=I
|label=Introduced
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Tamaricaceae;Tamarix
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Tamaricaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Tamarix]]</div></div>
|etymology=Arabic tamr, a tree with dark bark
|volume=Volume 6
|mention_page=page 415
|treatment_page=page 414
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Shrubs </b>or trees. <b>Leaves</b> usually sessile, sessile or amplexicaul in <i>T. tetragyna</i>, or sheathing in <i>T. aphylla</i>. antisepalous, sometimes also antipetalous in <i>T. tetragyna</i>; ovary pear-shaped; styles 3(or 4), short. <b>Seeds</b> beaked. <b>x</b> = 12.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Eurasia;n;s Africa;introduced also in Mexico;West Indies;South America;Pacific Islands (Hawaii;New Zealand);Australia.
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Species ca. 54 (8 in the flora).</p><!--
--><p><i>Tamarix</i> has been introduced to many areas through horticultural specimens, which are still available in some areas of North America. The species commonly planted include all those treated here except <i>T. tetragyna</i>. The extensive use of <i>T. parviflora</i> in gardens throughout North America has led to an abundance of collections in herbaria, and thus the species has been reported as widespread in various works (see J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham 1999). For this treatment, only naturalized plants were considered, which greatly reduced the reported distributions of some species. Additionally, many midwestern and eastern populations of <i>Tamarix</i> recorded from states such as Massachusetts and Missouri have not been found again for decades and are thought to no longer exist.</p><!--
--><p>Identification of some <i>Tamarix</i> species is relatively simple based on leaf morphology (for example, leaves sheathing the stems in <i>T. aphylla</i> compared to sessile or amplexicaul leaves in all other species in the flora) or floral morphology (for example, four petals in <i>T. parviflora</i> compared to usually five in all other species in the flora). Sterile collections have led to many unidentified specimens, and the most common misidentifications are among the pentamerous species <i>T. canariensis</i>, <i>T. chinensis</i>, <i>T. gallica</i>, and <i>T. ramosissima</i>, which require careful study of the nectar disc and other minute characters. The following suggestions for dissection and clarifications of terminology may help. Soak dried flowers in hot water containing a drop of liquid soap. This will help keep parts pliable and complete during dissection. Under a dissecting scope, hold the pedicel firmly with tweezers and with other tweezers pull the pistil out of the flower. At this point, if the petals are not blocking the view, the nectar disc should be visible. Nectar disc lobes will be either confluent with the filaments (synlophic) or alternate with the filaments (hololophic) (see illustrations of <i>T. gallica</i> and <i>T. ramosissima</i> respectively). To inspect filament insertion (a character that distinguishes <i>T. chinensis</i> from <i>T. ramosissima</i>) it is necessary to remove floral parts from beneath the nectar disc and look at the lower surface of the disc. Filaments originate either from below the nectar disc, sometimes near the margin (hypodiscal insertion) or from the edge of the disc (peridiscal insertion).</p><!--
--><p>Because the character states distinguishing <i>Tamarix chinensis</i> and <i>T. ramosissima</i> are at times difficult to determine and often are not satisfactorily unequivocal throughout a plant, various authors have, not unreasonably, synonymized these species in North American treatments (see S. L. Welsh et al. 1993; K. W. Allred 2002). The difficulty in distinguishing between these two species is probably due to their high rate of hybridization in North America (J. F. Gaskin and B. A. Schaal 2002). In Asia these two species were originally thought to come from overlapping regions, with <i>T. ramosissima</i> ranging from Turkey to Korea, and <i>T. chinensis</i> ranging from western China to Japan (B. R. Baum 1978). DNA sequences indicate that the two species are genetically distinct, and that there is no geographic overlap of the distinguishing genotypes, <i>T. ramosissima</i> being found west of central China, and <i>T. chinensis</i> to the east of central China. There were no hybrid combinations of these species-specific genotypes found anywhere in Asia, thus the hybrids found in North America may be novel combinations produced since their introduction (Gaskin and Schaal).</p><!--
--><p>Various <i>Tamarix</i> species have been distributed horticulturally for their ornamental and erosion-control in basket weaving and as firewood. <i>Tamarix</i> mannifera Ehrenberg ex Bunge (Egypt to Jordan) is a source of “manna,” a white, resinous exudate from twigs caused by insect damage that is still collected by Bedouins in the desert.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=allred2002a
|text=Allred, K. W. 2002. Identification and taxonomy of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) in New Mexico. Desert Pl. 18(2): 26–32.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=baum1964a
|text=Baum, B. R. 1964. On the vernales-aestivales character in Tamarix and its diagnostic value. Israel J. Bot. 13: 30–35.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=baum1967a
|text=Baum, B. R. 1967. Introduced and naturalized tamarisks in the United States and Canada. Baileya 15: 19–25.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=baum1971a
|text=Baum, B. R., I. J. Bassett, and C. W. Crompton. 1971. Pollen morphology of Tamarix species and its relationship to the taxonomy of the genus. Pollen & Spores 13: 495–521.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=baum1978a
|text=Baum, B. R. 1978. The Genus Tamarix. Jerusalem.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=gaskin2002a
|text=Gaskin, J. F. 2002. Systematic and Population Studies of the Invasive Plant Tamarix. Ph.D. dissertation. Washington University.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=gaskin2002b
|text=Gaskin, J. F. and B. A. Schaal. 2002. Hybrid Tamarix widespread in U.S. invasion and undetected in native Asian range. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 11256–11259.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=gaskin2003a
|text=Gaskin, J. F. and B. A. Schaal. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic investigation of U.S. invasive Tamarix. Syst. Bot. 28: 86–95.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=gaskin2005a
|text=Gaskin, J. F. and P. B. Shafroth. 2005. Hybridization of Tamarix ramosissima and T. chinensis (saltcedars) with T. aphylla (athel) (family Tamaricaceae) in the southwestern USA determined from DNA sequence data. Madroño 52: 1–10.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=horton1964a
|text=Horton, J. S. 1964. Notes on the Introduction of Deciduous Tamarix. Fort Collins, Colo. [U.S.D.A. Forest Serv., Gen. Techn. Rep. RM-16.]
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=johri1954a
|text=Johri, B. M. and D. Kak. 1954. The embryology of Tamarix L. Phytomorphology 4: 230–247.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=robinson1965a
|text=Robinson, T. W. 1965. Introduction, Spread, and Aerial Extent of Saltcedar (Tamarix) in the Western States. [U.S. Geol. Surv., Profess. Pap. 491-A.]
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=sher2013a
|text=Sher, A. and M. F. Quigley, eds. 2013. Tamarix: A Case Study of Ecological Change in the American West. Oxford and New York.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=zohary1965a
|text=Zohary, M. and B. R. Baum. 1965. On the androecium of the Tamarix flower and its evolutionary trends. Israel J. Bot. 14: 101–111.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves sheathing.
|[[Tamarix aphylla|Tamarix aphylla]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Leaves sessile or amplexicaul
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Antipetalous stamens 1–4.
|[[Tamarix tetragyna|Tamarix tetragyna]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Antipetalous stamens absent
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flowers 4-merous.
|[[Tamarix parviflora|Tamarix parviflora]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Flowers 5-merous
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Nectar disc lobes alternate with filaments
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sepal margins entire; some or all filaments originating from below nectar disc.
|[[Tamarix chinensis|Tamarix chinensis]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Sepal margins denticulate; all filaments originating from edge of nectar disc.
|[[Tamarix ramosissima|Tamarix ramosissima]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4 
|Nectar disc lobes confluent with filaments.
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Racemes 5–9 mm wide; petals 2–3 mm.
|[[Tamarix africana|Tamarix africana]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Racemes 4–5 mm wide; petals 1.2–2 mm
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Sepal margins denticulate; petals obovate, 1.2–1.5 mm.
|[[Tamarix canariensis|Tamarix canariensis]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Sepal margins entire to subentire; petals elliptic to ovate, 1.5–2 mm.
|[[Tamarix gallica|Tamarix gallica]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Tamarix
|author=John F. Gaskin
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=genus
|parent rank=family
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Tamaricaceae
|distribution=Eurasia;n;s Africa;introduced also in Mexico;West Indies;South America;Pacific Islands (Hawaii;New Zealand);Australia.
|introduced=true
|reference=allred2002a;baum1964a;baum1967a;baum1971a;baum1978a;gaskin2002a;gaskin2002b;gaskin2003a;gaskin2005a;horton1964a;johri1954a;robinson1965a;sher2013a;zohary1965a
|publication title=Sp. Pl.;Gen. Pl. ed.
|publication year=1753;1754
|special status=Introduced
|source xml=https://bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation/src/2e0870ddd59836b60bcf96646a41e87ea5a5943a/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V6/V6_783.xml
|genus=Tamarix
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Tamaricaceae]]