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| − | --><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="tree some measurement"><b>Trees,</b> 21-35 m;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="crown orientation;crown shape">crowns spreading, commonly vase-shaped.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="bark coloration;bark coloration;bark coloration;bark relief"><b>Bark </b>light-brown to gray, deeply fissured or split into plates.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="wood pubescence or texture"><b>Wood </b>soft.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="branch orientation;old-growth branch architecture or pubescence or relief;old-growth branch architecture"><b>Branches </b>pendulous, old-growth branches smooth, not winged;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="twig coloration;twig pubescence;twig pubescence;twig pubescence">twigs brown, pubescent to glabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="bud coloration;apex shape;apex pubescence"><b>Buds </b>brown, apex acute, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="scale coloration;scale pubescence">scales reddish-brown, pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="petiole some measurement;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence;petiole pubescence"><b>Leaves:</b> petiole ca. 5 mm, glabrous to pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade shape;leaf-blade length;leaf-blade width;base orientation or shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape;apex shape;apex shape"><b>Leaf-</b>blade oval to oblong-obovate, 7-14 × 3-7 cm, base oblique, margins doubly serrate, apex acute to acuminate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="surface pubescence;surface pubescence;surface pubescence;tuft pubescence;tuft pubescence;tuft pubescence">surfaces abaxially glabrous to slightly pubescent, tufts in axils of veins, adaxially glabrous to scabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="inflorescence arrangement;inflorescence some measurement;flower orientation;fruit orientation;pedicel shape"><b>Inflorescences </b>fascicles, less than 2.5 cm, flowers and fruits drooping on elongate pedicels;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="pedicel some measurement">pedicel 1-2 cm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="calyx shape;calyx architecture or shape;lobe quantity;margin architecture or pubescence or shape"><b>Flowers:</b> calyx shallowly lobed, slightly asymmetric, lobes 7-9, margins ciliate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens 7-9;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="anther coloration">anthers red;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="stigma architecture or pubescence or shape;stigma shape">stigmas white-ciliate, deeply divided.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="samara coloration;samara coloration;samara shape;samara some measurement;samara architecture;margin architecture or pubescence or shape;cilium coloration;cilium coloration;cilium coloration;cilium some measurement"><b>Samaras </b>yellow-cream when mature, sometimes tinged with reddish purple (s range of species), ovate, ca. 1 cm, narrowly winged, margins ciliate, cilia yellow to white, to 1 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties=""><b>Seeds </b>thickened, not inflated.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="seed size or width;seed shape;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 56.</span><!-- | + | --><span class="statement" id="st-undefined" data-properties=""><b>Trees,</b> 21-35 m; crowns spreading, commonly vase-shaped. <b>Bark</b> light brown to gray, deeply fissured or split into plates. <b>Wood</b> soft. <b>Branches</b> pendulous, old-growth branches smooth, not winged; twigs brown, pubescent to glabrous. <b>Buds</b> brown, apex acute, glabrous; scales reddish brown, pubescent. <b>Leaves</b>: petiole ca. 5 mm, glabrous to pubescent. <b>Leaf</b> blade oval to oblong-obovate, 7-14 × 3-7 cm, base oblique, margins doubly serrate, apex acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous to slightly pubescent, tufts in axils of veins, adaxially glabrous to scabrous. <b>Inflorescences</b> fascicles, less than 2.5 cm, flowers and fruits drooping on elongate pedicels; pedicel 1-2 cm. <b>Flowers</b>: calyx shallowly lobed, slightly asymmetric, lobes 7-9, margins ciliate; stamens 7-9; anthers red; stigmas white-ciliate, deeply divided. <b>Samaras</b> yellow-cream when mature, sometimes tinged with reddish purple (s range of species), ovate, ca. 1 cm, narrowly winged, margins ciliate, cilia yellow to white, to 1 mm. <b>Seeds</b> thickened, not inflated. <b>2n</b> = 56.</span><!-- |
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| | |publication year=1753 | | |publication year=1753 |
| | |special status=Endemic;Selected by author to be illustrated | | |special status=Endemic;Selected by author to be illustrated |
| − | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/287ef3db526bd807d435a3c7423ef2df1e951227/V3/V3_188.xml | + | |source xml=https://jpend@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-data-curation.git/src/9216fc802291cd3df363fd52122300479582ede7/coarse_grained_fna_xml/V3/V3_188.xml |
| | |genus=Ulmus | | |genus=Ulmus |
| | |species=Ulmus americana | | |species=Ulmus americana |
| − | |2n chromosome quantity=56
| |
| − | |anther coloration=red
| |
| − | |apex pubescence=glabrous
| |
| − | |apex shape=acute;acuminate
| |
| − | |bark coloration=light-brown;gray
| |
| − | |bark relief=fissured
| |
| − | |base orientation or shape=oblique
| |
| − | |branch orientation=pendulous
| |
| − | |bud coloration=brown
| |
| − | |calyx architecture or shape=asymmetric
| |
| − | |calyx shape=lobed
| |
| − | |cilium coloration=yellow;white
| |
| − | |cilium some measurement=0mm;1mm
| |
| − | |crown orientation=spreading
| |
| − | |crown shape=vase--shaped
| |
| − | |flower orientation=drooping
| |
| − | |fruit orientation=drooping
| |
| − | |inflorescence arrangement=fascicles
| |
| − | |inflorescence some measurement=0cm;2.5cm
| |
| − | |leaf-blade length=7cm;14cm
| |
| − | |leaf-blade shape=oval;oblong-obovate
| |
| − | |leaf-blade width=3cm;7cm
| |
| − | |lobe quantity=7;9
| |
| − | |margin architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate;ciliate
| |
| − | |margin architecture or shape=serrate
| |
| − | |old-growth branch architecture=not winged
| |
| − | |old-growth branch architecture or pubescence or relief=smooth
| |
| − | |pedicel shape=elongate
| |
| − | |pedicel some measurement=1cm;2cm
| |
| − | |petiole pubescence=glabrous;pubescent
| |
| − | |petiole some measurement=5
| |
| − | |samara architecture=winged
| |
| − | |samara coloration=tinged with reddish purple;yellow-cream
| |
| − | |samara shape=ovate
| |
| − | |samara some measurement=1
| |
| − | |scale coloration=reddish-brown
| |
| − | |scale pubescence=pubescent
| |
| − | |seed shape=not inflated
| |
| − | |seed size or width=thickened
| |
| − | |stamen quantity=7;9
| |
| − | |stigma architecture or pubescence or shape=white-ciliate
| |
| − | |stigma shape=divided
| |
| − | |surface pubescence=abaxially glabrous;slightly pubescent
| |
| − | |tree some measurement=21m;35m
| |
| − | |tuft pubescence=adaxially glabrous;scabrous
| |
| − | |twig coloration=brown
| |
| − | |twig pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
| |
| − | |wood pubescence or texture=soft
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Trees, 21-35 m; crowns spreading, commonly vase-shaped. Bark light brown to gray, deeply fissured or split into plates. Wood soft. Branches pendulous, old-growth branches smooth, not winged; twigs brown, pubescent to glabrous. Buds brown, apex acute, glabrous; scales reddish brown, pubescent. Leaves: petiole ca. 5 mm, glabrous to pubescent. Leaf blade oval to oblong-obovate, 7-14 × 3-7 cm, base oblique, margins doubly serrate, apex acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous to slightly pubescent, tufts in axils of veins, adaxially glabrous to scabrous. Inflorescences fascicles, less than 2.5 cm, flowers and fruits drooping on elongate pedicels; pedicel 1-2 cm. Flowers: calyx shallowly lobed, slightly asymmetric, lobes 7-9, margins ciliate; stamens 7-9; anthers red; stigmas white-ciliate, deeply divided. Samaras yellow-cream when mature, sometimes tinged with reddish purple (s range of species), ovate, ca. 1 cm, narrowly winged, margins ciliate, cilia yellow to white, to 1 mm. Seeds thickened, not inflated. 2n = 56.
Phenology: Flowering winter–early spring.
Habitat: Alluvial woods, swamp forests, deciduous woodlands, fencerows, pastures, old fields, waste areas, planted as street trees
Elevation: 0-1400 m
Distribution
Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.
Discussion
Ulmus americana is reported as widely escaped in Idaho, which is not part of the natural range of this taxon. It is occasionally cultivated outside its native distribution, and it has escaped sporadically from cultivation. It is also reported as naturalized in Arizona, but I have seen no specimens.
Ulmus americana is the state tree for Massachusetts and for North Dakota.
The American elm is susceptible to numerous diseases, including Dutch elm disease. Ulmus americana has been a street and shade tree of choice because of its fast growth and pleasant shape and size. The species still exists in substantial numbers both as shade trees and in nature.
Numerous infraspecific taxa have been recognized in Ulmus americana (A. J. Rehder 1949; P. S. Green 1964).
Native American tribes frequently used parts of Ulmus americana for a variety of medicinal purposes, including treatment of coughs and colds, sore eyes, dysentary, diarrhea, broken bones, gonorrhea, and pulmonary hemorrhage, as a gynecological aid, as a bath for appendicitis, and as a wash for gunwounds (D. E. Moerman 1986).
Selected References
None.
